From: "Abner Chang" <abner.chang@hpe.com>
To: devel@edk2.groups.io
Cc: abner.chang@hpe.com
Subject: [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 12/29] MdePkg/BaseSynchronizationLib: RISC-V cache related code.
Date: Mon, 23 Sep 2019 08:31:38 +0800 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <1569198715-31552-14-git-send-email-abner.chang@hpe.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <1569198715-31552-1-git-send-email-abner.chang@hpe.com>
Support RISC-V cache related functions.
Signed-off-by: Abner Chang <abner.chang@hpe.com>
---
.../BaseSynchronizationLib.inf | 6 +
.../RiscV64/Synchronization.c | 183 +++++++++++++++++++++
.../RiscV64/SynchronizationAsm.S | 78 +++++++++
3 files changed, 267 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 MdePkg/Library/BaseSynchronizationLib/RiscV64/Synchronization.c
create mode 100644 MdePkg/Library/BaseSynchronizationLib/RiscV64/SynchronizationAsm.S
diff --git a/MdePkg/Library/BaseSynchronizationLib/BaseSynchronizationLib.inf b/MdePkg/Library/BaseSynchronizationLib/BaseSynchronizationLib.inf
index 446bc19..c16ef9d 100755
--- a/MdePkg/Library/BaseSynchronizationLib/BaseSynchronizationLib.inf
+++ b/MdePkg/Library/BaseSynchronizationLib/BaseSynchronizationLib.inf
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
#
# Copyright (c) 2007 - 2018, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved.<BR>
# Portions copyright (c) 2008 - 2009, Apple Inc. All rights reserved.<BR>
+# Copyright (c) 2016 - 2019, Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP. All rights reserved.<BR>
#
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause-Patent
#
@@ -78,6 +79,11 @@
AArch64/Synchronization.S | GCC
AArch64/Synchronization.asm | MSFT
+[Sources.RISCV64]
+ Synchronization.c
+ RiscV64/Synchronization.c | GCC
+ RiscV64/SynchronizationAsm.S
+
[Packages]
MdePkg/MdePkg.dec
diff --git a/MdePkg/Library/BaseSynchronizationLib/RiscV64/Synchronization.c b/MdePkg/Library/BaseSynchronizationLib/RiscV64/Synchronization.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e210b74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MdePkg/Library/BaseSynchronizationLib/RiscV64/Synchronization.c
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+/** @file
+ Implementation of synchronization functions on RISC-V
+
+ Copyright (c) 2016 - 2019, Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP. All rights reserved.<BR>
+
+ SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause-Patent
+**/
+
+#include <Library/DebugLib.h>
+
+UINT32
+SyncCompareExchange32 (
+ IN volatile UINT32 *Value,
+ IN UINT32 CompareValue,
+ IN UINT32 ExchangeValue
+);
+
+UINT64
+SyncCompareExchange64 (
+ IN volatile UINT64 *Value,
+ IN UINT64 CompareValue,
+ IN UINT64 ExchangeValue
+);
+
+UINT32
+SyncSyncIncrement32 (
+ IN volatile UINT32 *Value
+ );
+
+UINT32
+SyncSyncDecrement32 (
+ IN volatile UINT32 *Value
+ );
+
+/**
+ Performs an atomic compare exchange operation on a 16-bit
+ unsigned integer.
+
+ Performs an atomic compare exchange operation on the 16-bit
+ unsigned integer specified by Value. If Value is equal to
+ CompareValue, then Value is set to ExchangeValue and
+ CompareValue is returned. If Value is not equal to
+ CompareValue, then Value is returned. The compare exchange
+ operation must be performed using MP safe mechanisms.
+
+ @param Value A pointer to the 16-bit value for the
+ compare exchange operation.
+ @param CompareValue 16-bit value used in compare operation.
+ @param ExchangeValue 16-bit value used in exchange operation.
+
+ @return The original *Value before exchange.
+
+**/
+UINT16
+EFIAPI
+InternalSyncCompareExchange16 (
+ IN volatile UINT16 *Value,
+ IN UINT16 CompareValue,
+ IN UINT16 ExchangeValue
+ )
+{
+ DEBUG((DEBUG_ERROR, "%a:RISC-V does not support 16-bit AMO operation\n", __FUNCTION__));
+ ASSERT (FALSE);
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ Performs an atomic compare exchange operation on a 32-bit
+ unsigned integer.
+
+ Performs an atomic compare exchange operation on the 32-bit
+ unsigned integer specified by Value. If Value is equal to
+ CompareValue, then Value is set to ExchangeValue and
+ CompareValue is returned. If Value is not equal to
+ CompareValue, then Value is returned. The compare exchange
+ operation must be performed using MP safe mechanisms.
+
+ @param Value A pointer to the 32-bit value for the
+ compare exchange operation.
+ @param CompareValue 32-bit value used in compare operation.
+ @param ExchangeValue 32-bit value used in exchange operation.
+
+ @return The original *Value before exchange.
+
+**/
+UINT32
+EFIAPI
+InternalSyncCompareExchange32 (
+ IN volatile UINT32 *Value,
+ IN UINT32 CompareValue,
+ IN UINT32 ExchangeValue
+ )
+{
+
+ if (((UINTN)Value % sizeof (UINT32)) != 0) {
+ DEBUG((DEBUG_ERROR, "%a:Value pointer must aligned at natural address.\n", __FUNCTION__));
+ ASSERT (FALSE);
+ }
+ return SyncCompareExchange32(Value, CompareValue, ExchangeValue);
+}
+
+/**
+ Performs an atomic compare exchange operation on a 64-bit unsigned integer.
+
+ Performs an atomic compare exchange operation on the 64-bit unsigned integer specified
+ by Value. If Value is equal to CompareValue, then Value is set to ExchangeValue and
+ CompareValue is returned. If Value is not equal to CompareValue, then Value is returned.
+ The compare exchange operation must be performed using MP safe mechanisms.
+
+ @param Value A pointer to the 64-bit value for the compare exchange
+ operation.
+ @param CompareValue 64-bit value used in compare operation.
+ @param ExchangeValue 64-bit value used in exchange operation.
+
+ @return The original *Value before exchange.
+
+**/
+UINT64
+EFIAPI
+InternalSyncCompareExchange64 (
+ IN volatile UINT64 *Value,
+ IN UINT64 CompareValue,
+ IN UINT64 ExchangeValue
+ )
+{
+ if (((UINTN)Value % sizeof (UINT64)) != 0) {
+ DEBUG((DEBUG_ERROR, "%a:Value pointer must aligned at natural address.\n", __FUNCTION__));
+ ASSERT (FALSE);
+ }
+ return SyncCompareExchange64 (Value, CompareValue, ExchangeValue);
+}
+
+/**
+ Performs an atomic increment of an 32-bit unsigned integer.
+
+ Performs an atomic increment of the 32-bit unsigned integer specified by
+ Value and returns the incremented value. The increment operation must be
+ performed using MP safe mechanisms. The state of the return value is not
+ guaranteed to be MP safe.
+
+ @param Value A pointer to the 32-bit value to increment.
+
+ @return The incremented value.
+
+**/
+UINT32
+EFIAPI
+InternalSyncIncrement (
+ IN volatile UINT32 *Value
+ )
+{
+ if (((UINTN)Value % sizeof (UINT32)) != 0) {
+ DEBUG((DEBUG_ERROR, "%a:Value pointer must aligned at natural address.\n", __FUNCTION__));
+ ASSERT (FALSE);
+ }
+ return SyncSyncIncrement32 (Value);
+}
+
+/**
+ Performs an atomic decrement of an 32-bit unsigned integer.
+
+ Performs an atomic decrement of the 32-bit unsigned integer specified by
+ Value and returns the decrement value. The decrement operation must be
+ performed using MP safe mechanisms. The state of the return value is not
+ guaranteed to be MP safe.
+
+ @param Value A pointer to the 32-bit value to decrement.
+
+ @return The decrement value.
+
+**/
+UINT32
+EFIAPI
+InternalSyncDecrement (
+ IN volatile UINT32 *Value
+ )
+{
+ if (((UINTN)Value % sizeof (UINT32)) != 0) {
+ DEBUG((DEBUG_ERROR, "%a:Value pointer must aligned at natural address.\n", __FUNCTION__));
+ ASSERT (FALSE);
+ }
+ return SyncSyncDecrement32 (Value);
+}
diff --git a/MdePkg/Library/BaseSynchronizationLib/RiscV64/SynchronizationAsm.S b/MdePkg/Library/BaseSynchronizationLib/RiscV64/SynchronizationAsm.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..943e274
--- /dev/null
+++ b/MdePkg/Library/BaseSynchronizationLib/RiscV64/SynchronizationAsm.S
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// RISC-V synchronization functions.
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2016 - 2019, Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP. All rights reserved.<BR>
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause-Patent
+//
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+#include <Base.h>
+
+.data
+
+.text
+.align 3
+
+.global ASM_PFX(SyncCompareExchange32)
+.global ASM_PFX(SyncCompareExchange64)
+.global ASM_PFX(SyncSyncIncrement32)
+.global ASM_PFX(SyncSyncDecrement32)
+
+//
+// ompare and xchange a 32-bit value.
+//
+// @param a0 : Pointer to 32-bit value.
+// @param a1 : Compare value.
+// @param a2 : Exchange value.
+//
+ASM_PFX (SyncCompareExchange32):
+ lr.w a3, (a0) // Load the value from a0 and make
+ // the reservation of address.
+ bne a3, a1, exit
+ sc.w a3, a2, (a0) // Write the value back to the address.
+ mv a3, a1
+exit:
+ mv a0, a3
+ ret
+
+.global ASM_PFX(SyncCompareExchange64)
+
+//
+// Compare and xchange a 64-bit value.
+//
+// @param a0 : Pointer to 64-bit value.
+// @param a1 : Compare value.
+// @param a2 : Exchange value.
+//
+ASM_PFX (SyncCompareExchange64):
+ lr.d a3, (a0) // Load the value from a0 and make
+ // the reservation of address.
+ bne a3, a1, exit
+ sc.d a3, a2, (a0) // Write the value back to the address.
+ mv a3, a1
+exit2:
+ mv a0, a3
+ ret
+
+//
+// Performs an atomic increment of an 32-bit unsigned integer.
+//
+// @param a0 : Pointer to 32-bit value.
+//
+ASM_PFX (SyncSyncIncrement32):
+ li a1, 1
+ amoadd.w a2, a1, (a0)
+ mv a0, a2
+ ret
+
+//
+// Performs an atomic decrement of an 32-bit unsigned integer.
+//
+// @param a0 : Pointer to 32-bit value.
+//
+ASM_PFX (SyncSyncDecrement32):
+ li a1, -1
+ amoadd.w a2, a1, (a0)
+ mv a0, a2
+ ret
--
2.7.4
next prev parent reply other threads:[~2019-09-23 1:02 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 108+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2019-09-23 0:31 [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 00/29] RISC-V EDK2 Port on Abner Chang
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 01/29] RiscVPkg: RISC-V processor package Abner Chang
2019-09-26 22:26 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 02/29] RiscVPkg/Include: Add header files of RISC-V CPU package Abner Chang
2019-09-26 22:29 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 03/29] RiscVPkg/opensbi: EDK2 RISC-V OpenSBI support Abner Chang
2019-09-26 22:41 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 04/29] MdePkg: RISC-V RV64 binding in MdePkg Abner Chang
2019-09-26 22:44 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 05/29] MdePkg/Include: RISC-V definitions Abner Chang
2019-09-26 22:45 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 06/29] MdeModulePkg/CapsuleRuntimeDxe: Add RISCV64 arch Abner Chang
2019-09-26 22:46 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 07/29] MdePkg/BaseLib: BaseLib for RISC-V RV64 Processor Abner Chang
2019-09-26 22:56 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-10-14 16:47 ` Abner Chang
2019-10-14 18:23 ` Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 08/29] MdePkg/BaseCacheMaintenanceLib: RISC-V cache maintenance implementation Abner Chang
2019-10-01 8:44 ` [edk2-devel] " Philippe Mathieu-Daudé
2019-09-23 0:31 ` Abner Chang
2019-09-26 23:30 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 09/29] MdePkg/BaseIoLibIntrinsic: RISC-V I/O intrinsic functions Abner Chang
2019-09-26 23:39 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-10-01 8:49 ` Philippe Mathieu-Daudé
2019-10-01 9:07 ` Leif Lindholm
2019-10-02 1:30 ` Abner Chang
2019-10-02 9:13 ` Leif Lindholm
2019-10-02 16:14 ` Abner Chang
2019-10-02 16:27 ` Andrew Fish
2019-10-02 16:35 ` Leif Lindholm
2019-10-03 0:52 ` Abner Chang
2019-10-03 8:38 ` Leif Lindholm
2019-10-03 11:34 ` Abner Chang
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 10/29] MdePkg/BasePeCoff: Add RISC-V PE/Coff related code Abner Chang
2019-09-26 23:46 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-10-15 4:02 ` Abner Chang
2019-10-15 10:31 ` Leif Lindholm
2019-10-15 10:56 ` Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15CDB6324F411B37.30896@groups.io>
2019-10-15 4:26 ` Abner Chang
2019-10-15 10:41 ` Leif Lindholm
2019-10-15 10:59 ` Abner Chang
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 11/29] MdePkg/BaseCpuLib: RISC-V Base CPU library implementation Abner Chang
2019-09-26 23:47 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` Abner Chang [this message]
2019-09-27 0:19 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 12/29] MdePkg/BaseSynchronizationLib: RISC-V cache related code Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 13/29] MdeModulePkg/Logo Abner Chang
2019-09-30 22:51 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 14/29] NetworkPkg Abner Chang
2019-09-30 22:51 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 15/29] RiscVPkg/Library: RISC-V CPU library Abner Chang
2019-09-30 18:31 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-10-15 2:32 ` Abner Chang
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 16/29] RiscVPkg/Library: Add RISC-V exception library Abner Chang
2019-09-30 19:15 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 17/29] RiscVPkg/Library: Add RISC-V timer library Abner Chang
2019-09-30 19:46 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 18/29] RiscVPkg/Library: Add EDK2 RISC-V OpenSBI library Abner Chang
2019-09-30 20:03 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-10-15 1:21 ` Abner Chang
2019-10-15 8:35 ` Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 19/29] RiscVPkg/Library: RISC-V platform level DxeIPL libraries Abner Chang
2019-09-30 20:15 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-30 20:44 ` Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 20/29] MdeModulePkg/DxeIplPeim : RISC-V platform level DxeIPL Abner Chang
2019-09-30 20:31 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 21/29] RiscVPkg/PeiServicesTablePointerLibOpenSbi: RISC-V PEI Service Table Pointer library Abner Chang
2019-09-30 20:54 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 22/29] RiscVPkg/RiscVPlatformTempMemoryInit: RISC-V Platform Temporary Memory library Abner Chang
2019-09-30 20:56 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 23/29] RiscVPkg/CpuDxe: Add RISC-V CPU DXE driver Abner Chang
2019-09-30 21:11 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 24/29] BaseTools: BaseTools changes for RISC-V platform Abner Chang
2019-09-26 22:09 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-10-15 6:18 ` Abner Chang
2019-10-15 10:56 ` Leif Lindholm
2019-10-15 11:13 ` Abner Chang
2019-10-16 5:06 ` Abner Chang
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 25/29] BaseTools/Scripts Abner Chang
2019-09-26 20:50 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-10-15 6:31 ` Abner Chang
2019-10-15 11:00 ` Leif Lindholm
2019-10-15 11:03 ` Abner Chang
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 26/29] RiscVPkg/SmbiosDxe: Generic SMBIOS DXE driver for RISC-V platforms Abner Chang
2019-09-30 22:39 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-10-14 11:27 ` Abner Chang
2019-10-14 11:56 ` Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 27/29] edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2: Add submodule Abner Chang
2019-09-26 22:24 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 28/29] edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2: Add ReadMe Abner Chang
2019-09-30 22:48 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
2019-09-23 0:31 ` [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 29/29] edk2-staging: Update Maintainers.txt Abner Chang
2019-09-30 22:50 ` [edk2-devel] " Leif Lindholm
[not found] ` <15C6EB9824DD2A88.29693@groups.io>
2019-09-24 1:52 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 04/29] MdePkg: RISC-V RV64 binding in MdePkg Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15C6EB994C26E5C4.2053@groups.io>
2019-09-24 1:52 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 05/29] MdePkg/Include: RISC-V definitions Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15C6EB9950232DB5.29693@groups.io>
2019-09-24 1:53 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 07/29] MdePkg/BaseLib: BaseLib for RISC-V RV64 Processor Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15C6EB9A049FF8A4.24160@groups.io>
2019-09-24 1:54 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 09/29] MdePkg/BaseIoLibIntrinsic: RISC-V I/O intrinsic functions Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15C6EB9B3E887BEB.29693@groups.io>
2019-09-24 1:55 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 13/29] MdeModulePkg/Logo Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15C6EB9A40C408A0.24160@groups.io>
2019-09-24 1:56 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 10/29] MdePkg/BasePeCoff: Add RISC-V PE/Coff related code Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15C6EB9B872A5B83.24160@groups.io>
2019-09-24 1:57 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 14/29] NetworkPkg Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15C6EB99CBC780B5.2053@groups.io>
2019-09-24 1:57 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 08/29] MdePkg/BaseCacheMaintenanceLib: RISC-V cache maintenance implementation Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15C6EB9A9BD83853.2053@groups.io>
2019-09-24 1:58 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 11/29] MdePkg/BaseCpuLib: RISC-V Base CPU library implementation Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15C6EB9AEB7BB057.24160@groups.io>
2019-09-24 1:58 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 12/29] MdePkg/BaseSynchronizationLib: RISC-V cache related code Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15C6EB99608359A3.24160@groups.io>
2019-09-24 1:59 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 08/29] MdePkg/BaseCacheMaintenanceLib: RISC-V cache maintenance implementation Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15C6EB9D6C0EC3B0.29693@groups.io>
2019-09-24 2:00 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 20/29] MdeModulePkg/DxeIplPeim : RISC-V platform level DxeIPL Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15C6EB98AD6CCCEB.24160@groups.io>
2019-09-24 2:01 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 06/29] MdeModulePkg/CapsuleRuntimeDxe: Add RISCV64 arch Abner Chang
[not found] ` <15C6EB9F04387439.29693@groups.io>
2019-09-24 2:02 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 25/29] BaseTools/Scripts Abner Chang
2019-09-26 22:22 ` [edk2-devel] [edk2-staging/RISC-V-V2 PATCH v2 00/29] RISC-V EDK2 Port on Leif Lindholm
2019-10-15 6:39 ` Abner Chang
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